{"id":691,"date":"2024-12-05T07:09:01","date_gmt":"2024-12-05T07:09:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/africansecuritynetwork.org\/HSGO4\/?page_id=691"},"modified":"2025-12-16T14:53:50","modified_gmt":"2025-12-16T14:53:50","slug":"learn-more-about-south-sudan","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/africansecuritynetwork.org\/HSGO4\/index.php\/learn-more-about-south-sudan\/","title":{"rendered":"Learn more about South Sudan"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Learn more about South Sudan<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t| Back to South Sudan |<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Carte actualis\u00e9e \u00e0 la suite de la r\u00e9solution 2797 du Conseil de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des Nations unies (2025).<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Historical timeline<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Key historical dates<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Towards independence from Sudan <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t
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1899-1955<\/b><\/p>

South Sudan is part of\u00a0Anglo-Egyptian Sudan<\/span><\/a>, under joint British-Egyptian rule.<\/p>

1953<\/b><\/p>

The\u00a0Cairo Agreement\u00a0<\/span><\/a>is signed. It leads to the\u00a0Sudan Self-Government Statute<\/span><\/a>\u00a0that paves the way for the election and the independence of Sudan.<\/p>

The First Parliament is constituted. Twenty-two out of 97 seats are allocated to the South.<\/p>

1954<\/b><\/p>

The\u00a0Sudanisation Committee<\/span><\/a>\u00a0of Public Service is appointed, without the participation of the South.<\/p>

A leading\u00a0Southern Sudanese Liberal Party<\/span><\/a>\u00a0organises a conference in Juba to demand federal status for the South after achieving independence.<\/p>

1955<\/b><\/p>

The Sudanese Parliament\u00a0votes unanimously<\/span><\/a>\u00a0to complete the evacuation of foreign troops and consecrate its full independence. The vote comes with the demand that the South\u00b4s self-rule be considered after achieving independence.<\/p>

Torit Mutiny<\/a><\/span>. Southern Sudanese officers serving at the military barracks of the Equatoria Corps rebel against the British Administration.<\/p>

1956<\/b><\/p>

Sudan gains independence<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

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First Sudan Civil War <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t
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1962<\/b><\/p>

A civil war, led by the Southern Separatist\u00a0Anya Nya movement<\/span><\/a>, erupts.<\/p>

1969<\/b><\/p>

A group of socialist and communist Sudanese military officers, led by\u00a0Colonel Jaafar Muhammad Numeiri<\/span><\/a>, seizes power. A policy of autonomy for the South is outlined.<\/p>

1972<\/b><\/p>

A\u00a0peace agreement<\/span><\/a>\u00a0is signed in Addis Ababa: the Sudanese government concedes a measure of autonomy for Southern Sudan.<\/p>

1978<\/b><\/p>

Oil<\/a><\/span>\u00a0is discovered in Southern Sudan (Unity State).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

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Second Sudan Civil War <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t
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1982<\/b><\/p>

The\u00a0Numeiri regime<\/span><\/a>\u00a0redraws the border and carves out the oil-rich areas of Unity State of Southern Sudan to be part of Northern Sudan.<\/p>

1983<\/b><\/p>

The Numeiri regime\u00a0adopts<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Islamic Sharia laws and abolishes South Sudan\u2019s autonomy.<\/p>

Fighting breaks out again between North and South Sudan, under the leadership of\u00a0John Garang<\/span><\/a>‘s\u00a0Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM),<\/span><\/a>\u00a0after Sudanese President Jaafar Numeiri abolishes Southern Sudan’s autonomy.<\/p>

1985<\/b><\/p>

Senior military officers, led by General\u00a0Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab<\/span><\/a>, mount a\u00a0coup<\/span><\/a>\u00a0against the Numeri regime and retains Islamic Sharia laws.<\/p>

1986<\/b><\/p>

Elections<\/a><\/span>\u00a0are held and coalition government is formed headed by Prime Minister\u00a0Sadiq al-Mahdi<\/span><\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0Umma Party<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

The SPLM and a number of Sudanese political parties meet in Ethiopia and agree to the “Koka Dam<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Declaration\u201d, which called for the abolishing of Islamic Sharia law, and convene a constitutional conference.<\/p>

1988<\/b><\/p>

The SPLM and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) \u2013 part of Sudan’s ruling coalition elected government \u2013\u00a0agree on a peace plan<\/span><\/a>\u00a0calling for the abolition of military pacts with Egypt and Libya, freezing of Sharia law, end to the state of emergency, and ceasefire. It is not implemented because it is rejected by the Umma Party of the Prime Ministry.<\/p>

Famine occurs in Bhar el Ghazal\u00a0<\/a><\/span>and claims an estimated 250,000 lives.<\/p>

1989<\/b><\/p>

Military officers under\u00a0Col. Omar Hassan al-Bashir<\/span><\/a>\u00a0seize power, with\u00a0National Islamic Front<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(NIF) instigation and support.<\/p>

1991<\/b><\/p>

The Bashir regime introduces harsh Islamic Sharia law.\u00a0Southern states are exempted\u00a0<\/span><\/a>but with a possible future application of Islamic Sharia law.<\/p>

The SPLM splits, with\u00a0Dr. Riek Machar<\/span><\/a>\u00a0and Dr. Lam Akol forming their own splinter faction \u2013 the\u00a0SPLA-Nasir<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

Machar’s SPLA-Nasir, in concert with the Nuer White Army, carried out the\u00a0Bor massacre<\/span><\/a>, killing an estimated 2,000\u00a0Dinka civilians<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

1992<\/b><\/p>

William Nyuon Bany<\/a><\/span>\u00a0forms a second rebel faction.<\/p>

1993<\/b><\/p>

Kerubino Kuanyin Bol<\/a><\/span>\u00a0forms a third rebel faction.<\/p>

The three rebel factions announce a coalition of their groups called\u00a0SPLA United<\/span><\/a>\u00a0at a press conference in Nairobi, Kenya.<\/p>

Pockets of\u00a0famine occur in Jonglei state<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>

1994<\/b><\/p>

The\u00a0Intergovernmental Authority on Development\u00a0<\/span><\/a>(IGAD) promulgates the\u00a0Declaration of Principles\u00a0<\/span><\/a>(DOP) that aims to identify the essential elements necessary to a just and comprehensive peace settlement in Sudan.<\/p>

SPLA United changes its name to\u00a0South Sudan Independence Movement\/Army<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(SSIM\/A).<\/p>

SPLM-Torit organizes its first convention \u2013 known as the\u00a0\u201cChukudum Convention\u201d<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 to replace the military administration in the areas under their control, with civilian administration.<\/p>

1995<\/b><\/p>

The major opposition parties in the north, led by the DUP and the Umma parties, unite with other parties from the south led by the SPLM, and create a coalition of opposition parties called the\u00a0National Democratic Alliance<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(NDA).<\/p>

1997<\/b><\/p>

Seven Southern groups in the government, led by Dr. Riek Machar, sign the\u00a0Khartoum Peace Agreement<\/span><\/a>\u00a0with the NIF-led national government, thereby forming the largely symbolic\u00a0South Sudan Defence Forces<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(SSDF) umbrella.<\/p>

The Sudanese Government signs the\u00a0Declaration of Principles<\/span><\/a>\u00a0after major battlefield losses to the SPLA.<\/p>

1998<\/b><\/p>

Famine is declared in the areas under the control of the SPLM in the\u00a0Bahr el Ghazal region<\/span><\/a>; it claims about 70,000 lives.<\/p>

2001<\/b><\/p>

Sudanese Islamist leader\u00a0Hassan Al-Turabi<\/span><\/a>‘s party, the Popular National Congress, signs a memorandum of understanding with the southern rebel SPLM. Mr Al-Turabi is arrested the next day.<\/p>

2002<\/b><\/p>

John Garang and Riek Machar\u00a0reconcile<\/span><\/a>, and Machar is brought back to the SPLA.<\/p>

Talks mediated by IGAD in Kenya lead to the signing of a breakthrough\u00a0Machakos Protocol<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Agreement between the SPLM and the Sudanese government on ending the civil war and providing the South the ability to seek self-determination after six years.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
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\n \n \n Forces Arm\u00e9es<\/span>\n\n \n
\n
\n \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i> <\/div>\n\n
\n \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n
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- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 N\u00b02021-1156\/MDAC-SG\u00a0<\/b>du 30 mars 2021 portant cr\u00e9ation du 11\u00e8me R\u00e9giment d\u2019Infanterie Motoris\u00e9e (RIM) de\u00a0M\u00e9naka<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- D\u00e9cret n\u00b02021-0775\/PT-RM<\/b>\u00a0du 09 novembre 2021 fixant l\u2019organisation et les modalit\u00e9s de fonctionnement de l\u2019\u00c9cole de Guerre du\u00a0Mali<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Ratification de l\u2019Ordonnance n\u00b02022-013\/PT-RM<\/b>\u00a0du 1er avril 2022 portant modification de l\u2019Ordonnance n\u00b02016-020\/P-RM du 18 ao\u00fbt 2016, modifi\u00e9e, portant statut g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des\u00a0militaires<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b0 2022-1421\/MDAC-SG<\/b>\u00a0du 11 mai 2022 fixant les modalit\u00e9s de recrutement dans les Forces arm\u00e9es\u00a0maliennes<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02022 \u2013 3600\/ MDAC-SG, Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02022 \u2013 3601\/ MDAC-SG<\/b>\u00a0et Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02022 \u2013 3602\/ MDAC-SG du 16 ao\u00fbt 2022 portant cr\u00e9ation des Bases A\u00e9riennes, des D\u00e9tachements Air et des Groupements de D\u00e9fense Anti-A\u00e9rienne et de Protection-D\u00e9fense<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02022 \u2013 3600\/ MDAC-SG\u00a0<\/b>du 16 ao\u00fbt 2022 portant cr\u00e9ation des Bases A\u00e9riennes, des D\u00e9tachements Air et des Groupements de D\u00e9fense Anti-A\u00e9rienne et de Protection-D\u00e9fense de la\u00a0R\u00e9gion A\u00e9rienne N\u00b01<\/span><\/a><\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02022 \u2013 3601\/ MDAC-SG\u00a0<\/b>du 16 ao\u00fbt 2022 portant cr\u00e9ation des Bases A\u00e9riennes, des D\u00e9tachements Air et des Groupements de D\u00e9fense Anti-A\u00e9rienne et de Protection-D\u00e9fense de la\u00a0R\u00e9gion A\u00e9rienne N\u00b02<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02022 \u2013 3602\/ MDAC-SG<\/b>\u00a0du 16 ao\u00fbt 2022 portant cr\u00e9ation des Bases A\u00e9riennes, des D\u00e9tachements Air et des Groupements de D\u00e9fense Anti-A\u00e9rienne et de Protection-D\u00e9fense de la\u00a0R\u00e9gion A\u00e9rienne N\u00b03<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- D\u00e9cret N\u00b02022-0529\/PT-RM<\/b>\u00a0du 05 septembre 2022 fixant l\u2019organisation et les modalit\u00e9s de fonctionnement de la\u00a0s\u00e9curit\u00e9 militaire<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

-\u00a0L\u2019ordonnance n\u00b02023-015\/PT-RM\u00a0<\/b>du 21 mars 2023 portant\u00a0Statut G\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/span><\/a>\u00a0des militaires.<\/p>

-\u00a0D\u00e9cret n\u00b02023-0545\/PT-RM<\/b>\u00a0du 21 septembre 2023 fixant le statut particulier de la\u00a0r\u00e9serve des Forces Arm\u00e9es et de S\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/span><\/a>.<\/p> <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n \n

\n
\n \n \n Gendarmerie<\/span>\n\n \n
\n
\n \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i> <\/div>\n\n
\n \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n
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- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02021-5591\/MDAC-SG<\/b>\u00a0du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021 portant cr\u00e9ation des groupements, compagnies, escadrons, pelotons et Brigade de la\u00a0R\u00e9gion de Gendarmerie n\u00b0 1<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02021-5592\/MDAC-SG<\/b>\u00a0du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021\u00a0R\u00e9gion de Gendarmerie n\u00b02<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02021-5593\/MDAC-SG<\/b>\u00a0du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021\u00a0R\u00e9gion de Gendarmerie n\u00b03<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02021-5594\/MDAC-SG\u00a0<\/b>du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021\u00a0R\u00e9gion de Gendarmerie n\u00b04<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02021-5595\/MDAC-SG<\/b>\u00a0du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021\u00a0R\u00e9gion de Gendarmerie n\u00b05<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02021-5596\/MDAC-SG\u00a0<\/b>du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021\u00a0R\u00e9gion de Gendarmerie n\u00b06<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02021-5597\/MDAC-SG<\/b>\u00a0du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021\u00a0R\u00e9gion de Gendarmerie n\u00b07<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02021-5598\/MDAC-SG\u00a0<\/b>du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021\u00a0R\u00e9gion de Gendarmerie n\u00b08<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02021-5599\/MDAC-SG\u00a0<\/b>du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021\u00a0R\u00e9gion de Gendarmerie n\u00b09<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02021-5600\/MDAC-SG\u00a0<\/b>du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021\u00a0R\u00e9gion de Gendarmerie n\u00b010<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- Arr\u00eat\u00e9 n\u00b02021-5601\/MDAC-SG\u00a0<\/b>du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021\u00a0R\u00e9gion de Gendarmerie n\u00b011<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/p> <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n \n

\n
\n \n \n Garde Nationale<\/span>\n\n \n
\n
\n \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i> <\/div>\n\n
\n \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n
\n\n
\n

- D\u00e9cret N\u00b02021-0973\/PT-RM<\/b>\u00a0du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021 portant modification du D\u00e9cret n\u00b02019-0134\/P-RM du 04 mars 2019 fixant l\u2019organisation et les modalit\u00e9s de fonctionnement de la\u00a0Garde Nationale du Mali<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- D\u00e9cret n\u00b02022-0051\/PT-RM\u00a0<\/b>du 08 f\u00e9vrier 2022 portant cr\u00e9ation des\u00a0R\u00e9gions Gardes<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

-\u00a0L\u2019Ordonnance n\u00b02023-011\/PT-RM\u00a0<\/b>du 24 f\u00e9vrier 2023 portant\u00a0modification de l\u2019Ordonnance n\u00b02019- 003\/P-RM<\/span><\/a>\u00a0du 04 mars 2019 portant cr\u00e9ation de la Garde nationale du Mali.<\/p> <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n \n

\n
\n \n \n Police Nationale<\/span>\n\n \n
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\n \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i> <\/div>\n\n
\n \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n
\n\n
\n

- D\u00e9cret N\u00b02021-0976\/PT-RM<\/b>\u00a0du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021 portant plan de carri\u00e8re des fonctionnaires de la\u00a0Police Nationale<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

- D\u00e9cret N\u00b02021-0975\/PT-RM\u00a0<\/b>du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021 portant modification du D\u00e9cret N\u00b02018-0277\/P-RM du 15 mars 2018 fixant les modalit\u00e9s d\u2019application du statut des fonctionnaires de la\u00a0Police Nationale<\/span><\/a>.<\/p> <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n \n

\n
\n \n \n Dispositions g\u00e9n\u00e9rales<\/span>\n\n \n
\n
\n \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i> <\/div>\n\n
\n \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n
\n\n
\n

- Ordonnance n\u00b02021-013\/PT-RM<\/span>\u00a0du 1er octobre 2021 portant cr\u00e9ation de l\u2019Agence nationale de la\u00a0S\u00e9curit\u00e9 d\u2019Etat\u00a0<\/a>.<\/p>

- D\u00e9cret N\u00b02021-0968\/PT-RM\u00a0<\/span>du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2021 fixant les modalit\u00e9s d\u2019application de la Loi N\u00b02021-028 du 31 mars 2021 r\u00e9gissant les armes et munitions en\u00a0R\u00e9publique du Mali.<\/a><\/p>

- D\u00e9cret N\u00b02022-0033\/PT-RM\u00a0<\/span>du 01 f\u00e9vrier 2022 portant modification du D\u00e9cret N\u00b02015-0894\/P-RM du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2015 portant cr\u00e9ation, organisation et modalit\u00e9s de fonctionnement de la Commission nationale de d\u00e9sarmement-d\u00e9mobilisation-r\u00e9insertion (DDR) au\u00a0Mali<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>

- D\u00e9cret N\u00b02022-0034\/PT-RM\u00a0<\/span>du 01 f\u00e9vrier 2022 portant modification du D\u00e9cret N\u00b0 2015-0895\/P-RM du 31 d\u00e9cembre 2015 portant cr\u00e9ation, organisation et modalit\u00e9s de fonctionnement de la\u00a0Commission d\u2019Int\u00e9gration<\/a>.<\/p>

- D\u00e9cret N\u00b02022-0208\/PT-RM<\/span>\u00a0du 04 avril 2022, portant approbation de la Strat\u00e9gie nationale de la R\u00e9forme du Secteur de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 et de son plan d\u2019actions\u00a02022-2024<\/a><\/p>

- D\u00e9cret N\u00b02022-0210\/PT-RM<\/span>\u00a0du 04 avril 2022, portant modification du cadre institutionnel de la R\u00e9forme du\u00a0Secteur de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p>

- D\u00e9cret N\u00b02022-0553\/PT-RM<\/span>\u00a0du 20 septembre 2022 fixant le cadre organique de la\u00a0Direction G\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Douanes<\/a>.<\/p> <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
Sudan Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t
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2005<\/b><\/p>

The Sudanese Government and the SPLM sign the\u00a0Comprehensive Peace Agreement<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(CPA), ending the civil war and providing for a permanent ceasefire, autonomy for the south, power-sharing, wealth-sharing, security arrangements and resolution of conflicts in the three areas of Abyei, Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile. It also establishes a south Sudanese referendum on independence in six years’ time.<\/p>

A new\u00a0Sudanese Constitution\u00a0<\/span><\/a>which gives the South a large degree of autonomy and right of self-determination, is signed.<\/p>

Former southern rebel leader\u00a0John Garang<\/span><\/a>\u00a0is sworn in as the first vice-president and president of the Government of Southern Sudan. The Transitional National Government is formed.<\/p>

The\u00a0Interim Transitional Constitution of Southern Sudan<\/span><\/a>\u00a0is signed.<\/span><\/p>

South Sudanese leader John Garang is\u00a0killed in a plane crash<\/span><\/a>\u00a0and is succeeded by\u00a0Salva Kiir Mayardiit<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

An autonomous government is formed in South Sudan, in line with the January 2005 peace deal. The administration is dominated by former rebels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
Fragile Peace <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t
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2006<\/p>

Hundreds die in fighting centered on the\u00a0southern town of Malakal<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 the heaviest between northern Sudanese forces and former rebels since the 2005 peace deal.<\/p>

Juba Declaration on Unity and Integration\u00a0<\/a>of the Sudan People\u2019s Liberation Army (SPLA) and the South Sudan Defence Forces (SSDF) is signed.<\/p>

2008<\/p>

Tensions rise over clashes between Sudanese armed forces and SPLA in the disputed oil-rich\u00a0Abyei area<\/a>\u00a0on the north-south divide \u2013 a key sticking point in the 2005 peace accord.<\/p>

The\u00a0SPLM Second National Convention<\/a>\u00a0convenes but it is marked by a divisive competition for the leadership of the party, particularly between President Salva Kiir and Vice President Dr. Riek Machar.<\/p>

The Sudan 5th Population and Housing Census is conducted in all states of Sudan, including Southern Sudan:\u00a0https:\/\/nbs.gov.ss\/publications\/southern-sudan-counts-tables-from-the-5th-sudan-population-and-housing-census-2008\/<\/a><\/p>

2009<\/p>

The governments of Sudan and the Southern Sudan accept the\u00a0ruling by the arbitration court in The Hague<\/a>\u00a0on the area of the Ngok Chiefdoms transferred from south to northern Sudan in 1905.<\/p>

2010<\/p>

General elections are held<\/a>, with President Salva Kiir and his party, the SPLM, overwhelmingly winning at all levels of government in Southern Sudan. His vice, Dr. Riek Machar, is his running mate.<\/p>

The new Cabinet is formed primarily from the SPLM members and is headed by President Salva and Vice President Dr. Riek Machar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
Independence Referendum <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t
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2009<\/p>

Leaders of the North and South in the National Parliament pass the\u00a0Referendum Act<\/a>, defining the terms of a referendum for the people of South Sudan and of the Abyei area.<\/p>

The African Union establishes the\u00a0High-Level Implementation Panel for Sudan<\/a>\u00a0(AUHIP) with a mandate to facilitate the Sudanese parties in their implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement.<\/p>

2011<\/p>

The people of South Sudan vote overwhelmingly (98%) in favour of\u00a0full independence from Sudan<\/a>. The referendum for the people of Abyei is denied by the Sudanese government.<\/p>

The Sudanese government occupies the\u00a0disputed border region of Abyei<\/a>.<\/p>

The governments of the north and south sign an\u00a0accord to demilitarise the disputed Abyei region<\/a>\u00a0and allow in an Ethiopian peacekeeping force. The UN Security Council, by\u00a0Resolution 1990<\/a>, establishes the United Nations\u00a0Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA)<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
New State of South Sudan <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t
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2011<\/b><\/p>

July 9: Independence Day<\/a><\/span>; South Sudan becomes the 193rd member of the UN and 54th member of the African Union (AU).<\/p>

Through\u00a0Resolution 1996,<\/span><\/a>\u00a0the UN Security Council establishes the\u00a0United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0under Chapter 7 of the United Nations Charter for an initial period of one year. Its mandate is to consolidate peace and security, and to help establish the conditions for development in the Republic of South Sudan.<\/p>

The UN Secretary General says at least 600 people are killed in ethnic clashes in Jonglei State.<\/span><\/a><\/p>

South Sudan declares\u00a0Jonglei State a disaster area<\/span><\/a>\u00a0after some 100,000 people flee clashes between rival ethnic groups.<\/p>

2012<\/b><\/p>

After\u00a0weeks of border fighting<\/span><\/a>, South Sudan troops temporarily occupy the oil field and border town of Heglig before being repulsed.<\/p>

Some 200,000 refugees flee into South Sudan to escape fighting between the Sudanese army and rebels in Sudan’s southern border states of\u00a0Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

The presidents of Sudan and South Sudan\u00a0agree on trade, oil and security\u00a0<\/span><\/a>after days of talks in Ethiopia.<\/p>

2013<\/b><\/p>

Sudan and South Sudan\u00a0agree to resume pumping oil<\/span><\/a>\u00a0after a bitter dispute over fees that saw production shutdown for more than one year. They also agreed to withdraw troops from their border area to create a demilitarised zone.<\/p>

The people of Abyei vote overwhelmingly (99%) in their\u00a0self-organised community referendum<\/span><\/a>\u00a0to be part of South Sudan.\u00a0Results are not accepted<\/span><\/a>\u00a0by the Government of South Sudan, the Government of Sudan and the African Union.<\/p>

The SPLM convenes its\u00a0National Liberation Council meeting<\/span><\/a>\u00a0to pass the basic documents of the party, including the draft constitution. Sharp differences prevail on the way of voting (secret vs. raising of hand), 5% seats of the Council to be appointed by the elected chairperson of the party and tenure of office of the chairperson of the party.<\/p>

Senior leaders of the SPLM led by Dr. Riek Machar hold a press conference to\u00a0annnounce their withdrawal<\/span><\/a>\u00a0from the meeting of the National Liberation Council (NLC), accusing South Sudan\u2019s President and party chairman, Salva Kiir Mayardit, of deviating from the spirit of dialogue.<\/p>

President Kiir dismisses the entire Cabinet and Vice President Riek Machar in a\u00a0power struggle<\/span><\/a>\u00a0within the governing Sudan People’s Liberation Movement.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
First South Sudan Civil War <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t
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2013<\/b><\/p>

Civil war\u00a0erupts<\/span><\/a>\u00a0in uba as President Salva Kiir accuses his former vice president, Riek Machar, of plotting to overthrow him. Vice President Riek Machar had led a rebellion against President Salva Kiir after his dismissal.<\/p>

The African Union Peace and Security Council\u00a0establishes the Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 (AUCISS) mandated to investigate human rights violations and other abuses committed during the armed conflict.<\/p>

2014<\/b><\/p>

A ceasefire is signed but it is broken several times in subsequent weeks, and further talks in February fail to end the violence, displacing\u00a0more than one million people\u00a0<\/span><\/a>by April.<\/p>

Peace talks<\/a><\/span>\u00a0 begin in the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa, and drag on for months, as fighting continues.<\/p>

2015<\/b><\/p>

The\u00a0final report of the AU Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 (AUCISS) is released, finding evidence of widespread human rights violations committed by both the government and rebels.<\/p>

President Salva Kiir and his former vice president and leader of the SPLM-In Opposition (SPLM-IO), Dr. Riek Machar, sign a\u00a0peace agreement<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

2016<\/b><\/p>

Dr. Riek Machar finally returns to Juba and is sworn in as the first Vice President in a\u00a0new unity government<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
Second South Sudan Civil War <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t
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2016<\/b><\/p>

Violent conflict erupts\u00a0<\/a><\/span>during a meeting between President Salva Kiir and Vice President Dr. Riek Machar in Juba, forcing Dr. Machar to flee the country to the\u00a0Democratic Republic of Congo<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

The UN\u00a0replaces the UNMISS Force Commander<\/span><\/a>\u00a0over the failure to protect civilians in Juba during the\u00a0July violence<\/span><\/a>. Japanese peacekeepers arrive in South Sudan, marking the first time in nearly 70 years that Japan has deployed its soldiers overseas with a clear mandate to use force, if necessary.<\/p>

The UN Commission on Human Rights declares that a process of\u00a0ethnic cleansing<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 is underway in several parts of the country.<\/p>

2017<\/b><\/p>

Famine is declared in parts of South Sudan<\/a><\/span>\u00a0in what the UN describes as a\u00a0man-made catastrophe<\/span><\/a>\u00a0caused by civil war and economic collapse.<\/p>

President Kiir declares a\u00a0unilateral ceasefire<\/span><\/a>\u00a0and launches a national dialogue.<\/p>

The number of\u00a0refugees fleeing<\/span><\/a>\u00a0violence\u00a0 in South Sudan to Uganda exceeds the one million mark.<\/p>

2018<\/b><\/p>

President Kiir signs a\u00a0power-sharing agreement<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 with Riek Machar and other opposition groups in a bid to end the civil war. The deal provides for Dr. Riek Machar\u2019s return to government as one of five vice presidents.<\/p>

2020<\/b><\/p>

The\u00a0Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity<\/span><\/a>\u00a0is formed and headed by President Salva Kiir and five vice presidents, with Dr. Riek Machar serving as the First Vice President.<\/p>

2022<\/b><\/p>

The parties to the\u00a02018 Peace Agreement<\/span><\/a>\u00a0extend the agreement\u00a0 for an extra 24 months and also agree to hold general elections by December 2024.<\/p>

The first promotion of the\u00a0Necessary Unified Forces<\/span><\/a>\u00a0graduate.<\/p>

2023<\/b><\/p>

Conflict breaks out in Sudan<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>

First deployment\u00a0<\/a><\/span>of Necessary Unified Forces<\/p>

The 2012\u00a0National Elections Act is amended\u00a0<\/span><\/a>to pave way for the conduct of elections in 2024.<\/p>

Rome Talks\u00a0<\/a><\/span>stall.<\/span><\/p>

President Kiir reconstitutes National Elections Commission, Political Parties Council and\u00a0Constitutional Review Commission<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>

UN\u00a0raises concerns<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 about the readiness of South Sudan to conduct credible elections and outlines important prerequisites to be met.<\/p>

2024<\/b><\/p>

South Sudan inaugurates the Elections Commission with analysts raising concerns about the\u00a0Commission\u2019s tight timelines\u00a0<\/span><\/a>and lack of adequate resources.<\/p>

UN warns that\u00a0South Sudan elections\u00a0<\/span><\/a>could result in disastrous consequences if not managed carefully.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Learn more about South Sudan | Back to South Sudan | Carte actualis\u00e9e \u00e0 la suite de la r\u00e9solution 2797 du Conseil de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des Nations unies (2025). Historical timeline Key historical dates Towards independence from Sudan 1899-1955 South Sudan is part of\u00a0Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, under joint British-Egyptian rule. 1953 The\u00a0Cairo Agreement\u00a0is signed. It leads to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-691","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/africansecuritynetwork.org\/HSGO4\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/691","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/africansecuritynetwork.org\/HSGO4\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/africansecuritynetwork.org\/HSGO4\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africansecuritynetwork.org\/HSGO4\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africansecuritynetwork.org\/HSGO4\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=691"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/africansecuritynetwork.org\/HSGO4\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/691\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6816,"href":"https:\/\/africansecuritynetwork.org\/HSGO4\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/691\/revisions\/6816"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/africansecuritynetwork.org\/HSGO4\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=691"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}