Since 2021, the resurgence of the M23 rebel movement has reignited tensions in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. In February 2025, the recapture of the strategic cities of Goma and Bukavu by the M23, tacitly supported by Rwanda, marked a new escalation in an already complex conflict. This resource sheds light on the historical dynamics, identifies key actors, and unpacks the geopolitical stakes at play.